2022年BEC商务英语阅读精选（12）

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2022年BEC商务英语阅读精选（12）

Family Functioning and Career Development

The family is a place in which children learn to interpret reality. Parents serve as significant interpreters for children of information about the world and children's abilities. Researchers have studied the influence of parents and the family on children's career choice and development. Some researchers demonstrate links between career development and such factors as socioeconomic status, parents' educational and occupational attainment, and cultural background. And others consider the effects of family relationships and looks at the ways in which parenting styles, family functioning, and parent-child interaction influence career development.

Overall family functioning, a broader concept that encompasses parenting style, parental support and guidance, positive or negative environmental influences, and family members' interaction styles. Family functioning has a greater influence on career development than either family structure (size, birth order, number of parents) or parents' educational and occupational status.

Parental support and guidance can include specific career or educational suggestions as well as experiences that indirectly support career development, such as family vocation, provision of resources such as books, and modeling of paid and non-paid work roles. The absence of support, guidance, and encouragement can lead to "floundering," the inability to develop and pursue a specific career focus. Lack of support can also take the form of conflict, when a parent pressures a child toward a particular career and may withdraw financial and emotional support for a career path not of the parent's choosing.

Family functioning also includes the response to circumstances such as poverty, alcoholism, marital instability, and illness or death of family members. Sometimes an individual may respond to a stressful or negative family environment by making hasty, unreflective career choices in an attempt to escape or survive. On the other hand, critical life events can spur a transformative learning experience that may shape a career and life direction.

Interactions between parents and children and among siblings are a powerful influence. Interactions can include positive behaviors such as showing support and interest and communicating openly, or negative behaviors such as pushing and controlling. By sharing workplace stories, expressing concern for children's future, and modeling work behaviors, parents serve as a context for interpreting the realities of work. Parent-child connectedness facilitate risk taking and exploration, which are needed for identity formation in general as well as for the formation of vocational identity. Siblings can be a source of challenge and competition and a basis for comparison of abilities, thus providing a context for identity formation. Because career development is a lifelong process, "family of origin development is a lifelong process", "family of origin continues to have an influence through the life span". Understanding early family experiences and relationships can help adults identify barriers to their career progress.The research reviewed here demonstrates the strong influence that parenting behavior and family functioning have on career development. The findings suggest that career counselors and career educators should (1) shift the focus from the individual to the family system; (2) develop a new and richer view of parent involvement in schools; (3) help families become more proactive; and (4) consider ways of duplicating helpful types of family functioning in schools, especially for children whose families are not proactive.

参考译文

家庭的作用与职业发展

家庭是子安诠释现实社会的场所。在为子女诠释这个世界及分析子女的能力方面，父母扮演着一个重要的角色。就父母和家庭对子女的职业生涯选择和发展的影响，人们已做了不少研究。一些研究表明职业发展与社会经济地位、父母的受教育程度及职业成就，以及文化背景有关联。另一些研究注重家庭关系（对职业发展）的影响，并研究父母的养育风格、家庭作用、父母与子女之间的沟通如何影响个人的职业发展。

总的来说，家庭的作用是一个较广义的概念，包括父母的养育风格、父母的支持和指点、正面或负面的环境影响以及家庭成员间的相互影响。家庭的作用比家庭结构（大小、出生阶层、是否单亲家庭）和父母所受的教育程度及职业地位对子女的职业发展影响更大。

父母的支持和指点可以包括具体的职业或教育建议和对职业发展有直接指导作用的经验，比如家族职业，资源的供应（如书）、从事义务与非义务工作方面的榜样。没有父母的支持、指点和鼓励，子女有可能会 “出差错”，没有具体明确的职业重心。没有父母的支持还可能导致矛盾冲突。当父母施压强制子女从事某一职业，或当子女违背父母的意愿另择职业时，父母就有可能撤回经济与精神上的支助，这些都会导致矛盾冲突。

家庭的作用还包括家庭成员对某些问题的态度与反应，如贫困、酗酒、婚姻的不稳定性、疾病与死亡。有时紧张或负面的家庭环境会导致个人未经仔细思考就仓促做出职业选择以逃避家庭或维持生存。另一方面，重大的人生事件可能改变一个人的学习经历，学习经历会决定职业的发展方向和生活导向。

父母与子女及兄弟姐妹间的相互影响很大。相互影响可以包括正面的行为，如表示支持、表示感兴趣和坦率地交流；或有负面影响的行为，如逼迫和控制。通过分享工作场所的故事，表达对孩子未来的关心和树立工作行为的榜样，父母为子女提供了一个诠释工作现实问题的环境。父母-子女的血统关系会促进子女去冒险、去探索，这对子女广义的发展和职业选择都是必需的。兄弟姐妹可以是挑战、竞争、能力较量的根源，从而为个人发展创造环境。由于职业发展是一个終身的过程，（由于）“在出身家庭的成长是一个终身的过程”，（因此）“出身家庭对一个人的影响会持续一辈子”。了解早期的家庭经历和家庭关系有助于成年人发现影响职业发展的障碍。

上文回顾的研究表明，父母的行为举止和家庭的作用对个人的职业发展影响巨大。这些研究结果表明职业顾问和职业教育工作者应该：（1）将重心/焦点从个人转向家庭系统；（2）发展新的更为丰富的理念，让父母参与学校教育；（3）协助家庭发挥积极主动的引导作用；(4）设计方案，在学校中复制有益的家庭功能模式，尤其是针对那些其家庭没有进行积极主动引导的孩子。

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